Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a global health concern, being the leading cause of death worldwide. Stress and conditions like Cushing's Syndrome have sparked interest in cortisol, often called the 'stress hormone, ' as a biomarker for CVD risk. Cortisol is produced and released through the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, with many hormones and receptors playing a role. Metabolic syndrome is a big factor in how cortisol affects CVD risk, but even when metabolic issues are addressed, cortisol's impact on CVD risk remains. Treating high cortisol levels, or hypercortisolism, has been shown to lower CVD risk. However, using cortisol as a biomarker for CVD has challenges. This review explores how cortisol affects CVD and why it's not yet widely used in clinical settings.

Metabolic syndrome, which includes conditions like high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, and abnormal cholesterol levels, is closely linked to cortisol-related CVD risks. But even when these metabolic factors are controlled, cortisol still plays a significant role in CVD risk. This points to other factors that cortisol might influence.

Cortisol's impact on the body's inflammatory response is one such factor. High cortisol levels can increase inflammation, which is a key player in CVD development. It's like when your body is constantly on high alert, affecting your heart health over time.

When it comes to treating high cortisol levels, the results are promising. Lowering cortisol levels through medication or surgery has shown to reduce CVD risk. This suggests that cortisol isn't just a marker of stress but also plays a direct role in heart health.

Despite these findings, there are obstacles to using cortisol as a biomarker for CVD. Things like how cortisol levels are measured and the complexity of the HPA axis make it challenging. Plus, cortisol levels can vary throughout the day and with stress, making it hard to get a clear picture.

In conclusion, while cortisol is a promising biomarker for CVD risk, more research is needed to overcome the current challenges. Understanding how cortisol affects heart health could lead to better ways to prevent and treat CVD.

Cortisol in Heart Health: More Than Just Stress

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