Polymer membranes are becoming a key tool for removing CO₂ from industrial gases, but they still face hurdles. The main challenge is balancing how fast the gas moves through the film, how well it can be separated from other gases, how stable the material stays over time, and whether it can be made at scale. These factors are linked to how the polymer’s tiny voids, or free volume, allow molecules to dissolve and diffuse.

Three material families have pushed the limits of performance. Thermally rearranged polymers create controlled micro‑pockets by heating and reshaping the chain, giving a predictable pore structure. Polymers of intrinsic microporosity have stiff backbones that trap permanent ultra‑micropores, leading to high gas transport. Ether‑rich polymers attract CO₂ strongly, offering great selectivity and easy processing into thin films.

The review connects the science of mass transport—solubility, diffusivity, and free‑volume geometry—to practical membrane design. It shows how each family can be tuned for real industrial settings, from natural‑gas purification to capturing CO₂ after power plant flue gas. The discussion also covers the growing markets for blue hydrogen, biogas upgrading, and other applications where polymer membranes could replace more energy‑intensive methods.

Looking ahead, researchers are urged to stabilize the free volume so that membranes do not swell or lose selectivity over time. Strategies include reducing plasticization, strengthening thin‑film structures, and using computer‑assisted design to speed up the journey from lab sample to commercial module. The goal is a robust, energy‑efficient solution that can be produced in large quantities.

Overall, the article outlines how smart polymer design and advanced manufacturing could make membrane technology a practical tool for cutting CO₂ emissions in the next decade.

New Paths for Carbon Capture: Polymer Membranes That Work

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