The world of reproductive medicine is facing a big hurdle: implantation failure. About two-thirds of these failures are due to the uterus not being ready to accept an embryo. Current models just don't cut it when it comes to mimicking the complex environment of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus.

A groundbreaking solution has emerged: a bioprinted model of the endometrium. This model is made up of two layers of cells, designed to replicate the natural hormone-driven changes in the endometrium. It's a big step forward in studying how embryos implant.

The model uses a special ink made from alginate, a substance derived from seaweed. This ink was fine-tuned for 3D printing, focusing on factors like how well it holds its shape, how quickly it degrades, and how well the cells survive in it. Two types of human endometrial cells were used: epithelial cells, which line the surface, and stromal cells, which make up the underlying tissue.

The model was put to the test with hormones. First, it was treated with estradiol, a hormone that plays a key role in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Then, it was treated with both estradiol and progesterone, which is active during the secretory phase. The model responded as expected, showing changes in cell viability and gene expression that mimic what happens in a real endometrium.

One of the most exciting findings was how the model interacted with JAR spheroids, which represent early human embryos. These spheroids stuck to and invaded the epithelial layer of the hormone-treated model, just like a real embryo would implant in the uterus. This shows that the model can be used to study the early stages of pregnancy in a lab setting.

The bioprinted model offers a new way to study endometrial receptivity and implantation. It could lead to personalized treatments for people experiencing recurrent implantation failure. However, it's important to note that while this model is a significant advancement, it's still a simplification of the complex in vivo environment. More research is needed to fully understand and replicate the intricacies of human reproduction.

Revolutionary 3D Model for Studying Embryo Implantation

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