Antimony, a heavy metal, affects the swimming speed of Pelophylax nigromaculatus tadpoles. Researchers found that when these critters are exposed to antimony in two different ways—either in short bursts (pulse exposure) or continuously (constant exposure) for 28 days—they swim significantly slower. Tadpoles exposed to pulse antimony slowed down by 25. 72%, while those exposed continuously slowed by 18. 08%.

But how does antimony make them swim slower? It changes the metabolism of their tail muscles. Pulse exposure affected 70 different metabolites, while continuous exposure affected 24. The metabolic pathways altered by pulse exposure were involved in pyrimidine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. On the other hand, continuous exposure mostly impacted the metabolism of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate.

Genes also play a role. Pulse exposure led to changes in 1, 225 genes, while continuous exposure altered 1, 139 genes. These gene changes are linked to functions such as immune response, DNA replication, and protein digestion. This means antimony exposure not only affects how the tadpoles' muscles work but also influences their overall health and growth.

In short, both pulse and continuous antimony exposure affect tadpoles' swimming behavior by altering their muscle metabolism and gene expression.

Tadpoles' Swimming Slowdown: Antimony's Impact on Metabolism and Genes

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