Ever wondered how different salts can change the behavior of soap-like substances in water? Scientists have been looking into this, focusing on how certain ions (like sodium, calcium, and magnesium) affect the structure and flow of mixtures containing cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). These are two types of surfactants used in many products. They mixed these surfactants in different ratios and measured how they behaved at a total concentration of 200 mM.

To understand what's happening, they used special techniques like rheological measurements, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). What they found was interesting: adding more of these salts caused the mixtures to become thicker at certain points, forming what they call "viscosity peaks. " These peaks happen because the tiny structures, called micelles, change shape from long, tangled ropes to branched ropes and finally to bubble-like structures (vesicles).

The type of ion matters too. According to something called the Hofmeister series, different ions have different effects. For example, magnesium ions need less concentration to cause a peak compared to calcium ions. This is because magnesium has a stronger pull on certain parts of the micelles and can partially dry them out, changing their structure.

All this information is important for making targeted delivery systems, like those used in medicine.

The Impact of Cations on Surfactant Mixtures

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