As the world shifts towards using more biodegradable and bio-based plastics, it's crucial to understand how these tiny pieces, known as microplastics, affect plants and animals. Plant lovers, beware! High doses of polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics can cut down on nitrogen and biomass in plants and even mess with the way plants absorb heavy metals. Mix PLA with polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), and things get worse. Plants suffer more.

Now, let's talk about insects. Tiny nano-PLAs might bring on oxidative stress and genetic damage. That's not good news for our tiny friends! Size and weathering seem to play a role in PLA's toxicity. PBAT, on the other hand, can affect plant growth at lower doses than PLA.

Polycaprolactone (PCL) affects seed germination only when it's hot outside. But at high concentrations, both PCL and polypropylene carbonate (PPC) cause issues with development, reproduction, metabolism, and oxidative stress in water creatures.

Earthworms aren't safe either. Too many PPC microplastics can change their behavior. Non-biodegradable bioplastics? They're nasty for embryos, larvae, and systems like the immune and reproductive ones.

The bad news? Studies on biodegradable and bio-based plastics, especially PHB, PBS, PCL, PPC, those made from starch, and non-biodegradable bioplastics, are still lacking. We need more research to understand the full impact of these microplastics on our environment.

The Trouble with Biodegradable Plastics: A Closer Look at Their Impact on Nature

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