When you think of early aviation, the Wright Brothers often come to mind. But did you know that over 100 years before their flight, people were already soaring through the skies in balloons? The Victorian era was a time of daring exploration and scientific discovery. One of the most remarkable feats took place in Wolverhampton, England, in 1862.

The British Association of Science chose Wolverhampton's Gasworks as the launch site for a special research balloon. The balloon was massive, with a diameter of 55 feet and capable of holding 93,000 cubic feet of gas. Onboard were two brave adventurers: James Glaisher, a leading scientist, and Henry Coxwell, a balloon enthusiast who built the balloon himself.

Glaisher was on a mission to learn more about the atmosphere. He packed 17 scientific instruments, including thermometers and bottles of brandy. Yes, brandy! He also brought along six pigeons to test their flying abilities at different altitudes.

As they rose higher, Glaisher attempted to capture a cloudscape photograph. Unfortunately, it didn't work out. But that wasn't the only challenge they faced. The higher they went, the colder it got. At over five miles high, the temperature dropped to a bone-chilling -20°C. Glaisher struggled to see clearly and use his instruments. His arms became numb, and he couldn't speak. He even lost consciousness for a while.

Coxwell was also affected by the extreme conditions. His hands turned black, and he couldn't use them properly. They might have even suffered from the "bends," a condition divers experience when they rise too quickly. Despite these hardships, they managed to reach an estimated altitude of 37,000 feet.

Disaster was narrowly averted when Coxwell used his teeth to grip the balloon's rip chord, allowing them to descend. Glaisher regained consciousness and continued monitoring his instruments. Their flight lasted about 2.5 hours, and it was a significant step in understanding the atmosphere and weather patterns.

Glaisher's discoveries helped us understand how moisture in the atmosphere decreases with altitude, which is crucial for understanding rain formation. He went on to make more flights and greatly contributed to our knowledge of weather systems.

Even today, balloons play a vital role in weather forecasting. Thousands of weather balloons are released daily, providing valuable data about our atmosphere.

The Victorian Skies: Adventures in 19th Century Ballooning and Weather Discovery

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